diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 4c481245..d86a1dda 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ list (
     alloc/raw/affix.hpp
     alloc/raw/aligned/direct.hpp
     alloc/raw/aligned/foreign.hpp
-    alloc/raw/dynamic.hpp
+    #alloc/raw/dynamic.hpp
     alloc/raw/fallback.cpp
     alloc/raw/fallback.hpp
     alloc/raw/linear.cpp
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ if (TESTS)
         alloc/aligned/foreign
         alloc/aligned/direct
         alloc/arena
-        alloc/dynamic
+        #alloc/dynamic
         alloc/linear
         alloc/stack
         alloc/forwarding
diff --git a/alloc/arena.hpp b/alloc/arena.hpp
index 0a69c4e4..6e805fc0 100644
--- a/alloc/arena.hpp
+++ b/alloc/arena.hpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include "../memory/deleter.hpp"
 #include "../cast.hpp"
+#include "../view.hpp"
 
 #include <memory>
 #include <utility>
@@ -38,14 +39,12 @@ namespace util::alloc {
         U*
         acquire (Args&&... args)
         {
-            U *data = util::cast::alignment<U*> (
-                m_store.allocate (sizeof (U), alignof (U)).data ()
-            );
+            U *data = m_store.template allocate<U> (1).data ();
 
             try {
                 new (data) U (std::forward<Args> (args)...);
             } catch (...) {
-                m_store.deallocate (data, sizeof (U));
+                m_store.template deallocate<U> ({data,1});
                 throw;
             }
 
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ namespace util::alloc {
         release (U *u)
         {
             u->~U ();
-            m_store.deallocate (reinterpret_cast<void*> (u), sizeof (U));
+            m_store.template deallocate<U> (util::view {u,1u});
         }
 
 
diff --git a/alloc/forwarding.hpp b/alloc/forwarding.hpp
index 39db3bea..6c042cd4 100644
--- a/alloc/forwarding.hpp
+++ b/alloc/forwarding.hpp
@@ -27,16 +27,16 @@ namespace util::alloc {
             m_backing (backing)
         { ; }
 
-        template <typename ...Args>
+        template <typename T, typename ...Args>
         auto allocate (Args &&...args)
         {
-            return m_backing.allocate (std::forward<Args> (args)...);
+            return m_backing.template allocate<T> (std::forward<Args> (args)...);
         }
 
-        template <typename ...Args>
+        template <typename T, typename ...Args>
         auto deallocate (Args &&...args)
         {
-            return m_backing.deallocate (std::forward<Args> (args)...);
+            return m_backing.template deallocate<T> (std::forward<Args> (args)...);
         }
 
         auto data  (void) { return m_backing.data ();  }
diff --git a/alloc/raw/affix.hpp b/alloc/raw/affix.hpp
index 2ec10fd9..efd5699e 100644
--- a/alloc/raw/affix.hpp
+++ b/alloc/raw/affix.hpp
@@ -31,13 +31,15 @@ namespace util::alloc::raw {
     /// useful for sentinels, reference counts, etc.
     template <class ParentT, class PrefixT, class SuffixT>
     class affix {
-        util::view<std::byte*> allocate (size_t bytes);
-        util::view<std::byte*> allocate (size_t bytes, size_t align);
 
-        void deallocate (util::view<std::byte*> ptr) { return deallocate (ptr.data (), ptr.size ()); }
-        void deallocate (util::view<std::byte*> ptr, size_t alignment) { return deallocate (ptr.data (), ptr.size (), alignment); }
-        void deallocate (void *ptr, size_t bytes);
-        void deallocate (void *ptr, size_t bytes, size_t align);
+        template <typename T>
+        util::view<T*> allocate (size_t bytes);
+
+        template <typename T>
+        util::view<T*> allocate (size_t bytes, size_t align);
+
+        template <typename T>
+        void deallocate (util::view<std::byte*>);
 
         std::byte* begin (void);
         const std::byte* begin (void) const;
diff --git a/alloc/raw/aligned/direct.hpp b/alloc/raw/aligned/direct.hpp
index de00d653..ec46e039 100644
--- a/alloc/raw/aligned/direct.hpp
+++ b/alloc/raw/aligned/direct.hpp
@@ -37,17 +37,19 @@ namespace util::alloc::raw::aligned {
 
 
         ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        template <typename T>
         auto
-        allocate (std::size_t bytes)
+        allocate (std::size_t count)
         {
-            return m_successor.allocate (bytes, m_alignment);
+            return m_successor.template allocate<T> (count, m_alignment);
         }
 
         //---------------------------------------------------------------------
+        template <typename T>
         auto
-        deallocate (void *ptr, std::size_t bytes)
+        deallocate (util::view<T*> ptr)
         {
-            return m_successor.deallocate (ptr, bytes);
+            return m_successor.template deallocate<T> (ptr);
         }
 
 
diff --git a/alloc/raw/aligned/foreign.hpp b/alloc/raw/aligned/foreign.hpp
index 3313211b..5c6ca898 100644
--- a/alloc/raw/aligned/foreign.hpp
+++ b/alloc/raw/aligned/foreign.hpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include "direct.hpp"
 
+#include "../../../cast.hpp"
 #include "../../../pointer.hpp"
 #include "../../../debug.hpp"
 
@@ -66,20 +67,29 @@ namespace util::alloc::raw::aligned {
         { ; }
 
 
-        void*
-        allocate (std::size_t size)
+        template <typename T>
+        util::view<T*>
+        allocate (std::size_t count)
         {
-            auto ptr= reinterpret_cast<std::byte*> (
-                m_successor.allocate (size).data ()
-            );
-            return ptr + m_offset;
+            auto root = m_successor.template allocate<T> (count);
+            auto base = root.template cast<char*> ().data ();
+
+            // we can't use alignment cast here because it will almost
+            // certainly fail the tests it performs.
+            return { util::cast::ffs<T*> (base + m_offset), count };
         }
 
+        template <typename T>
         auto
-        deallocate (void *ptr, std::size_t size)
+        deallocate (util::view<T*> ptr)
         {
-            return m_successor.deallocate (
-                reinterpret_cast<std::byte*> (ptr) - m_offset, size
+            auto base = ptr.template cast<char*> ();
+            auto next = base - m_offset;
+
+            // we can't use alignment cast here because it will almost
+            // certainly fail the tests it performs.
+            return m_successor.template deallocate<T> (
+                util::view<T*> { util::cast::ffs<T*> (next), ptr.size () }
             );
         }
 
diff --git a/alloc/raw/dynamic.hpp b/alloc/raw/dynamic.hpp
index fa9a294c..9dd94b96 100644
--- a/alloc/raw/dynamic.hpp
+++ b/alloc/raw/dynamic.hpp
@@ -58,8 +58,11 @@ namespace util::alloc::raw {
         // dynamically eliminate the function altogether given run-time
         // dynamic dispatch needs the common calls exposed to the clients, and
         // aligned allocate is stupid useful.
-        auto allocate (size_t bytes) { return m_child->allocate (bytes); }
-        auto allocate (size_t bytes, size_t alignment) { return m_child->allocate (bytes, alignment); }
+        template <typename T>
+        auto allocate (size_t bytes) { return m_child->allocate<T> (bytes); }
+
+        template <typename T>
+        auto allocate (size_t bytes, size_t alignment) { return m_child->allocate<T> (bytes, alignment); }
 
         auto deallocate (void *ptr, size_t bytes)
         { return m_child->deallocate (ptr, bytes); }
diff --git a/alloc/raw/fallback.hpp b/alloc/raw/fallback.hpp
index ce2b880d..f4e791a9 100644
--- a/alloc/raw/fallback.hpp
+++ b/alloc/raw/fallback.hpp
@@ -32,13 +32,16 @@ namespace util::alloc::raw {
             m_children (_children...)
         { ; }
 
-        util::view<std::byte*> allocate (size_t bytes);
-        util::view<std::byte*> allocate (size_t bytes, size_t align);
+        template <typename T>
+        util::view<T*>
+        allocate (size_t bytes);
 
-        void deallocate (util::view<std::byte*> ptr) { return deallocate (ptr.data (), ptr.size ()); }
-        void deallocate (util::view<std::byte*> ptr, size_t alignment) { return deallocate (ptr.data (), ptr.size (), alignment); }
-        void deallocate (void *ptr, size_t bytes);
-        void deallocate (void *ptr, size_t bytes, size_t align);
+        template <typename T>
+        util::view<T*>
+        allocate (size_t bytes, size_t align);
+
+        template <typename T>
+        void deallocate (util::view<std::byte*> ptr);
 
     private:
         std::tuple<ChildT&...> m_children;
diff --git a/alloc/raw/linear.cpp b/alloc/raw/linear.cpp
index c34a5a06..013650c3 100644
--- a/alloc/raw/linear.cpp
+++ b/alloc/raw/linear.cpp
@@ -31,51 +31,6 @@ linear::linear (util::view<std::byte*> _data):
 
 
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-util::view<std::byte*>
-linear::allocate (size_t bytes)
-{
-    if (m_cursor + bytes > m_end)
-        throw std::bad_alloc ();
-
-    auto ptr = m_cursor;
-    m_cursor += bytes;
-    return { ptr, bytes };
-}
-
-
-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-util::view<std::byte*>
-linear::allocate (size_t bytes, size_t alignment)
-{
-    auto ptr = align (m_cursor, alignment);
-    if (ptr + bytes > m_end)
-        throw std::bad_alloc ();
-
-    m_cursor = ptr + bytes;
-
-    return { ptr, bytes };
-}
-
-
-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-void
-linear::deallocate (void *ptr, size_t bytes)
-{
-    deallocate (ptr, bytes, alignof (std::max_align_t));
-}
-
-
-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-void
-linear::deallocate (void *ptr, size_t bytes, size_t alignment)
-{
-    (void)ptr;
-    (void)bytes;
-    (void)alignment;
-}
-
-
-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 std::byte*
 linear::data (void)
 {
diff --git a/alloc/raw/linear.hpp b/alloc/raw/linear.hpp
index c217584c..5d73cb96 100644
--- a/alloc/raw/linear.hpp
+++ b/alloc/raw/linear.hpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #define CRUFT_UTIL_ALLOC_RAW_LINEAR_HPP
 
 #include "../../view.hpp"
+#include "../../pointer.hpp"
 
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <iterator>
@@ -34,13 +35,40 @@ namespace util::alloc::raw {
 
         linear (util::view<std::byte*> _data);
 
-        util::view<std::byte*> allocate (size_t bytes);
-        util::view<std::byte*> allocate (size_t bytes, size_t alignment);
+        template <typename T>
+        util::view<T*>
+        allocate (size_t count)
+        {
+            auto const bytes = count * sizeof (T);
+            if (m_cursor + bytes > m_end)
+                throw std::bad_alloc ();
 
-        void deallocate (util::view<std::byte*> ptr) { return deallocate (ptr.data (), ptr.size ()); }
-        void deallocate (util::view<std::byte*> ptr, size_t alignment) { return deallocate (ptr.data (), ptr.size (), alignment); }
-        void deallocate (void *ptr, size_t bytes);
-        void deallocate (void *ptr, size_t bytes, size_t alignment);
+            auto ptr = m_cursor;
+            m_cursor += bytes;
+            return { util::cast::alignment<T*> (ptr), count };
+        }
+
+
+        template <typename T>
+        util::view<T*>
+        allocate (size_t count, size_t alignment)
+        {
+            auto const bytes = count * sizeof (T);
+
+            auto ptr = util::align (m_cursor, alignment);
+            if (ptr + bytes > m_end)
+                throw std::bad_alloc ();
+
+            m_cursor = ptr + bytes;
+
+            return { util::cast::alignment<T*> (ptr), count };
+        }
+
+        template <typename T>
+        void deallocate (util::view<T*> ptr)
+        {
+            (void)ptr;
+        }
 
         std::byte* data (void);
         std::byte* begin (void);
diff --git a/alloc/raw/malloc.cpp b/alloc/raw/malloc.cpp
index a7b03c09..333a668e 100644
--- a/alloc/raw/malloc.cpp
+++ b/alloc/raw/malloc.cpp
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  *
- * Copyright 2015 Danny Robson <danny@nerdcruft.net>
+ * Copyright 2018 Danny Robson <danny@nerdcruft.net>
  */
 
 #include "malloc.hpp"
@@ -20,43 +20,3 @@
 
 #include <cstdlib>
 
-using util::alloc::raw::malloc;
-
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-util::view<std::byte*>
-malloc::allocate (size_t bytes)
-{
-    return allocate (bytes, alignof (std::max_align_t));
-}
-
-
-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-util::view<std::byte*>
-malloc::allocate (size_t bytes, size_t align)
-{
-    // C malloc guarantees maximal alignment
-    CHECK_LE (align, alignof (std::max_align_t));
-    (void)align;
-
-    return util::view<std::byte*> (reinterpret_cast<std::byte*> (::malloc (bytes)), bytes);
-}
-
-
-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-void
-malloc::deallocate (void *ptr, size_t bytes)
-{
-    return deallocate (ptr, bytes, alignof (std::max_align_t));
-}
-
-
-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-void
-malloc::deallocate (void *ptr, size_t bytes, size_t align)
-{
-    (void)bytes;
-    (void)align;
-
-    ::free (ptr);
-}
diff --git a/alloc/raw/malloc.hpp b/alloc/raw/malloc.hpp
index dedb3027..1a5fff3d 100644
--- a/alloc/raw/malloc.hpp
+++ b/alloc/raw/malloc.hpp
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  *
- * Copyright 2015 Danny Robson <danny@nerdcruft.net>
+ * Copyright 2018 Danny Robson <danny@nerdcruft.net>
  */
 
 #ifndef CRUFT_UTIL_ALLOC_RAW_MALLOC_HPP
@@ -25,13 +25,33 @@
 namespace util::alloc::raw {
     class malloc {
     public:
-        util::view<std::byte*> allocate (size_t bytes);
-        util::view<std::byte*> allocate (size_t bytes, size_t align);
+        template <typename T>
+        util::view<T*> allocate (size_t count)
+        {
+            return {
+                reinterpret_cast<T*> (malloc (sizeof (T) * count)),
+                count
+            };
+        }
 
-        void deallocate (util::view<std::byte*> ptr) { return deallocate (ptr.data (), ptr.size ()); }
-        void deallocate (util::view<std::byte*> ptr, size_t alignment) { return deallocate (ptr.data (), ptr.size (), alignment); }
-        void deallocate (void *ptr, size_t bytes);
-        void deallocate (void *ptr, size_t bytes, size_t align);
+        template <typename T>
+        util::view<T*>
+        allocate (size_t count, size_t align)
+        {
+            void* ptr;
+            posix_memalign (&ptr, align, sizeof (T) * count);
+            if (!ptr)
+                throw std::bad_alloc ();
+
+            return { reinterpret_cast<T*> (ptr), count };
+        }
+
+        template <typename T>
+        void
+        deallocate (util::view<std::byte*> ptr)
+        {
+            ::free (ptr.data ());
+        }
     };
 }
 
diff --git a/alloc/raw/null.cpp b/alloc/raw/null.cpp
index a06359cb..aba5aed3 100644
--- a/alloc/raw/null.cpp
+++ b/alloc/raw/null.cpp
@@ -24,48 +24,6 @@
 using util::alloc::raw::null;
 
 
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-util::view<std::byte*>
-null::allocate (size_t bytes)
-{
-    return allocate (bytes, alignof (std::max_align_t));
-}
-
-
-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-util::view<std::byte*>
-null::allocate (size_t bytes, size_t align)
-{
-    (void)bytes;
-    (void)align;
-
-    throw std::bad_alloc ();
-}
-
-
-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-void
-null::deallocate (void *ptr, size_t bytes)
-{
-    return deallocate (ptr, bytes, alignof (std::max_align_t));
-}
-
-
-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// calling deallocate with a non-null pointer is undefined, but we may as well
-// let the application continuing running if we're not in a debug context.
-void
-null::deallocate (void *ptr, size_t bytes, size_t align)
-{
-    (void)ptr;
-    (void)bytes;
-    (void)align;
-
-    // cast to void* to assist some of the printing machinery in the assertion
-    CHECK_EQ (ptr, static_cast<const void*> (nullptr));
-}
-
-
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 std::byte*
 null::begin (void)
diff --git a/alloc/raw/null.hpp b/alloc/raw/null.hpp
index f9e4a8e6..cbbbdba2 100644
--- a/alloc/raw/null.hpp
+++ b/alloc/raw/null.hpp
@@ -32,13 +32,30 @@ namespace util::alloc::raw {
         null (const null&) = delete;
         null& operator= (const null&) = delete;
 
-        util::view<std::byte*> allocate (size_t bytes);
-        util::view<std::byte*> allocate (size_t bytes, size_t align);
+        template <typename T>
+        util::view<T*>
+        allocate (size_t count)
+        {
+            return allocate<T> (count, alignof (T));
+        }
 
-        void deallocate (util::view<std::byte*> ptr) { return deallocate (ptr.data (), ptr.size ()); }
-        void deallocate (util::view<std::byte*> ptr, size_t alignment) { return deallocate (ptr.data (), ptr.size (), alignment); }
-        void deallocate (void *ptr, size_t bytes);
-        void deallocate (void *ptr, size_t bytes, size_t align);
+        template <typename T>
+        util::view<T*>
+        allocate (size_t count, size_t align)
+        {
+            (void)count;
+            (void)align;
+
+            throw std::bad_alloc ();
+        }
+
+        template <typename T>
+        void
+        deallocate (util::view<T*> ptr)
+        {
+            (void)ptr;
+            CHECK_EQ (ptr.data (), static_cast<const void*> (nullptr));
+        }
 
         util::view<std::byte*> data (void);
         util::view<const std::byte*> data (void) const;
diff --git a/alloc/raw/stack.cpp b/alloc/raw/stack.cpp
index 8f363ec7..95dfd338 100644
--- a/alloc/raw/stack.cpp
+++ b/alloc/raw/stack.cpp
@@ -33,86 +33,6 @@ stack::stack (util::view<std::byte*> _data):
 }
 
 
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-union record {
-    using offset_t = uint32_t;
-
-    std::byte *as_bytes;
-    offset_t  *as_offset;
-};
-
-
-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-constexpr auto MIN_ALIGNMENT = sizeof (record::offset_t);
-
-
-///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-util::view<std::byte*>
-stack::allocate (size_t bytes)
-{
-    return allocate (bytes, alignof (std::max_align_t));
-}
-
-
-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-util::view<std::byte*>
-stack::allocate (size_t bytes, size_t alignment)
-{
-    // reserve space at the front of the allocation to record the total
-    // allocation size so we can account for alignment if required.
-    auto ptr = m_cursor + sizeof (record::offset_t);
-
-    // align the outgoing pointer if required
-    alignment = util::max (MIN_ALIGNMENT, alignment);
-    ptr = align (ptr, alignment);
-
-    // ensure we haven't overrun our allocated segment
-    if (ptr + bytes > m_end)
-        throw std::bad_alloc ();
-
-    // use a 'record' struct as a window into the reserved space at the front
-    // of the allocation and store the offset to the previous allocation head
-    // (from the record struct). allows us to account for alignment.
-    record record;
-     record.as_bytes  = ptr - sizeof (record::offset_t);
-    *record.as_offset = util::cast::lossless <uint32_t> (ptr - m_cursor);
-
-    m_cursor = ptr + bytes;
-    return { ptr, bytes };
-}
-
-
-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-void
-stack::deallocate (void *ptr, size_t bytes)
-{
-    return deallocate (ptr, bytes, alignof (std::max_align_t));
-}
-
-
-//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-void
-stack::deallocate (void *_ptr, size_t bytes, size_t alignment)
-{
-    (void)bytes;
-
-    // TODO: use alignment
-    (void)alignment;
-    //alignment = util::max (MIN_ALIGNMENT, alignment);
-    
-    auto ptr = reinterpret_cast<std::byte*> (_ptr);
-
-    record record;
-    record.as_bytes = ptr - sizeof (record::offset_t);
-
-    //CHECK_LE (bytes, *record.as_offset);
-    CHECK_GE (m_cursor - *record.as_offset, m_begin);
-
-    m_cursor -= bytes;
-    m_cursor -= *record.as_offset;
-}
-
-
 //-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 std::byte*
 stack::begin (void)
diff --git a/alloc/raw/stack.hpp b/alloc/raw/stack.hpp
index 8921e073..ad18609c 100644
--- a/alloc/raw/stack.hpp
+++ b/alloc/raw/stack.hpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #define CRUFT_UTIL_ALLOC_RAW_STACK_HPP
 
 #include "../../view.hpp"
+#include "../../pointer.hpp"
 
 #include <cstddef>
 
@@ -34,13 +35,60 @@ namespace util::alloc::raw {
 
         stack (util::view<std::byte*> _data);
 
-        util::view<std::byte*> allocate (size_t bytes, size_t alignment);
-        util::view<std::byte*> allocate (size_t bytes);
+        template <typename T>
+        util::view<T*>
+        allocate (size_t count, size_t alignment)
+        {
+            constexpr auto MIN_ALIGNMENT = sizeof (record::offset_t);
+            const auto bytes = count * sizeof (T);
+
+            // reserve space at the front of the allocation to record the total
+            // allocation size so we can account for alignment if required.
+            auto ptr = m_cursor + sizeof (record::offset_t);
+
+            // align the outgoing pointer if required
+            alignment = util::max (MIN_ALIGNMENT, alignment);
+            ptr = util::align (ptr, alignment);
+
+            // ensure we haven't overrun our allocated segment
+            if (ptr + bytes > m_end)
+                throw std::bad_alloc ();
+
+            // use a 'record' struct as a window into the reserved space at the front
+            // of the allocation and store the offset to the previous allocation head
+            // (from the record struct). allows us to account for alignment.
+            record r;
+            r.as_bytes  = ptr - sizeof (record::offset_t);
+            *r.as_offset = util::cast::lossless <uint32_t> (ptr - m_cursor);
+
+            m_cursor = ptr + bytes;
+            return { util::cast::alignment<T*> (ptr), count };
+        }
+
+
+        template <typename T>
+        util::view<T*>
+        allocate (size_t count)
+        {
+            return allocate<T> (count, alignof (T));
+        }
+
+
+        template <typename T>
+        void deallocate (util::view<T*> _ptr)
+        {
+            auto ptr = reinterpret_cast<std::byte*> (_ptr.data ());
+
+            record r;
+            r.as_bytes = ptr - sizeof (record::offset_t);
+
+            //CHECK_LE (bytes, *record.as_offset);
+            CHECK_GE (m_cursor - *r.as_offset, m_begin);
+
+            m_cursor -= sizeof (T) * _ptr.size ();
+            m_cursor -= *r.as_offset;
+        }
 
-        void deallocate (util::view<std::byte*> ptr) { return deallocate (ptr.data (), ptr.size ()); }
-        void deallocate (util::view<std::byte*> ptr, size_t alignment) { return deallocate (ptr.data (), ptr.size (), alignment); }
-        void deallocate (void *ptr, size_t bytes);
-        void deallocate (void *ptr, size_t bytes, size_t alignment);
 
         util::view<std::byte*> data (void);
         util::view<const std::byte*> data (void) const;
@@ -60,6 +108,13 @@ namespace util::alloc::raw {
         size_t remain   (void) const;
 
     private:
+        union record {
+            using offset_t = uint32_t;
+
+            std::byte *as_bytes;
+            offset_t  *as_offset;
+        };
+
         std::byte *const m_begin;
         std::byte *const m_end;
         std::byte *m_cursor;
diff --git a/test/alloc/aligned/direct.cpp b/test/alloc/aligned/direct.cpp
index d801b2ae..51c6ff13 100644
--- a/test/alloc/aligned/direct.cpp
+++ b/test/alloc/aligned/direct.cpp
@@ -29,10 +29,10 @@ main (int, char**)
     // alignment to produce a likely system alignment. eg, 3 + 5 == 8 which is
     // a power-of-2.
     uintptr_t result[4] = {
-        reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(alloc.allocate (9).data ()),  // just over a power of two
-        reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(alloc.allocate (1).data ()),  // a single byte
-        reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(alloc.allocate (64).data ()), // a cache line
-        reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(alloc.allocate (250).data ()) // multiple cache lines, but not a power of two
+        reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(alloc.allocate<char> (9).data ()),  // just over a power of two
+        reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(alloc.allocate<char> (1).data ()),  // a single byte
+        reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(alloc.allocate<char> (64).data ()), // a cache line
+        reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(alloc.allocate<char> (250).data ()) // multiple lines, but not a power of two
     };
 
     tap.expect (
diff --git a/test/alloc/aligned/foreign.cpp b/test/alloc/aligned/foreign.cpp
index 16001f32..c7698707 100644
--- a/test/alloc/aligned/foreign.cpp
+++ b/test/alloc/aligned/foreign.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ main ()
 
     // ensure the first element allocated falls at the base address
     tap.expect_eq (base, alloc.data (), "allocator base address is the supplied base address");
-    tap.expect_eq (base, alloc.allocate (8), "first allocation is the supplied base address");
+    tap.expect_eq (base, alloc.allocate<std::byte> (8).data (), "first allocation is the supplied base address");
 
     // allocate a range of values and make sure they all satisfy our alignment.
     // don't choose values which are likely to combine with the testing
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ main ()
     };
 
     for (const auto &t: TESTS) {
-        auto ptr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t> (alloc.allocate (t.size));
+        auto ptr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t> (alloc.allocate<char> (t.size).data ());
         auto offset = ptr - reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t> (base);
         tap.expect_mod (offset, alignment, "%s", t.message);
     }
diff --git a/test/alloc/forwarding.cpp b/test/alloc/forwarding.cpp
index 856794b8..1241b1e1 100644
--- a/test/alloc/forwarding.cpp
+++ b/test/alloc/forwarding.cpp
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ main ()
 
     util::TAP::logger tap;
     tap.expect_eq (linear.used (), 0u, "construction does not allocate");
-    forwarding.allocate (16u);
+    forwarding.allocate<uint8_t> (16u);
     tap.expect_eq (linear.used (), 16u, "allocation size is exactly committed");
 
     return tap.status ();
diff --git a/test/alloc/linear.cpp b/test/alloc/linear.cpp
index 6c71dba5..f9eec950 100644
--- a/test/alloc/linear.cpp
+++ b/test/alloc/linear.cpp
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ main (void)
     tap.expect_eq (store.capacity (), BUFFER_SIZE, "bytes capacity matches");
 
     tap.expect_throw<std::bad_alloc> (
-        [&] (void) { store.allocate (BUFFER_SIZE + 1, 1); },
+        [&] (void) { store.allocate<char> (BUFFER_SIZE + 1, 1); },
         "excessive allocation throws bad_alloc"
     );
 
     tap.expect_nothrow (
-        [&] (void) { store.allocate (BUFFER_SIZE); },
+        [&] (void) { store.allocate<char> (BUFFER_SIZE); },
         "maximum allocation succeeds"
     );
 
@@ -31,14 +31,14 @@ main (void)
     tap.expect_eq (store.remain (), 0u, "bytes remain matches");
 
     tap.expect_throw<std::bad_alloc> (
-        [&] (void) { store.allocate (1, 1); },
+        [&] (void) { store.allocate<char> (1, 1); },
         "minimum allocation fails after exhaustion"
     );
 
     store.reset ();
 
     tap.expect_nothrow (
-        [&] (void) { store.allocate (1, 1); },
+        [&] (void) { store.allocate<char> (1, 1); },
         "minimum allocation succeeds after reset"
     );
 
diff --git a/test/alloc/stack.cpp b/test/alloc/stack.cpp
index 5e8d8d14..2bddbd1f 100644
--- a/test/alloc/stack.cpp
+++ b/test/alloc/stack.cpp
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ n_allocations (util::alloc::raw::stack &store,
                size_t alignment = alignof (std::max_align_t))
 {
     for (unsigned i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-        auto ptr = store.allocate (bytes, alignment);
-        store.deallocate (ptr, alignment);
+        auto ptr = store.allocate<uint8_t> (bytes, alignment);
+        store.deallocate (ptr);
     }
 }
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ main (void)
 
     // larger than total allocations should throw
     tap.expect_throw<std::bad_alloc> (
-        [&store] (void) { store.allocate (BUFFER_AVAILABLE + 1, 1); },
+        [&store] (void) { store.allocate<uint8_t> (BUFFER_AVAILABLE + 1, 1); },
         "excessive allocation throws bad_alloc"
     );
 
@@ -53,11 +53,11 @@ main (void)
 
     // perform two near maximum allocations and check for exhaustion through
     // bad_alloc
-    auto ptr = store.allocate (BUFFER_REQUEST);
+    auto ptr = store.allocate<uint8_t> (BUFFER_REQUEST);
     (void)ptr;
 
     tap.expect_throw<std::bad_alloc> (
-        [&store] (void) { store.allocate (BUFFER_REQUEST); },
+        [&store] (void) { store.allocate<uint8_t> (BUFFER_REQUEST); },
         "bad_alloc thrown on exhaustion"
     );